What is IoT Connectivity?

Quick summary of IoT connectivity

IoT connectivity refers to the technology that enables devices to communicate with applications, servers, and users over the internet. It's the backbone that powers the Internet of Things (IoT), allowing data, commands, and insights to flow seamlessly between connected devices, from simple sensors to advanced machinery.

How IoT connectivity works

IoT connectivity enables devices equipped with sensors and embedded systems to communicate with application servers via various network technologies (e.g., cellular, WiFi, LPWAN, Bluetooth). Data collected by the device is transmitted over the network using protocols such as MQTT, CoAP, or HTTP to cloud platforms or edge gateways. There, the data is processed, analyzed, and used to trigger actions, send alerts, or enable remote control. The IoT connectivity layer ensures secure, reliable, and often bi-directional communication between the device and the application ecosystem.

Key Features of IoT Connectivity:

·       Enables device-to-cloud communication using networks like cellular, WiFi, LPWAN, and Bluetooth.

·       Supports real-time data transfer and remote control via protocols like MQTT, CoAP, and HTTP.

·       Secure and bi-directional communication for reliable IoT operation.

·       Flexible connectivity options tailored to range, power, and data needs.

What are the types of connectivity?

Multiple technologies can provide IoT connectivity. The right one depends on the application, location, data needs, and budget:

1. Cellular networks

• Ideal for wide-area, mobile, or large-scale deployments.

• Supports 2G/3G/4G/5G and low-power variants like NB-IoT and LTE-M.

• Offers standardized coverage and high IoT security solutions.

4G Networks

4G networks play a vital role in supporting Internet of Things (IoT) applications by providing reliable, high-speed, and wide-area connectivity. With lower latency and higher bandwidth than previous generations, 4G enables real-time data transmission for devices such as smart meters, connected vehicles, and industrial sensors. Its broad coverage makes it suitable for mobile and remote IoT solutions. However, while 4G supports many IoT use cases, it is not fully optimized for massive IoT deployments that require ultra-low power consumption and extremely high device density, challenges better addressed by emerging 5G and LPWAN technologies.

5G Networks

5G networks significantly enhance the capabilities of the Internet of Things (IoT) by offering ultra-low latency, high bandwidth, and the ability to connect millions of devices simultaneously. These features enable advanced applications such as autonomous vehicles, smart cities, remote healthcare, and real-time industrial automation. Unlike 4G, 5G is designed to support massive machine-to-machine communication and energy-efficient connections, making it ideal for large-scale IoT ecosystems. Its reliability and speed open the door to innovations that require instant data exchange, driving the growth of intelligent, connected systems across diverse industries and everyday life.

2. Short range networks

Short-range networks in IoT connect devices over limited distances using technologies like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and NFC. They are ideal for smart homes, wearables, and industrial monitoring due to low power use and cost efficiency. These networks enable seamless local communication, quick data exchange, and energy-efficient device interconnection.

WiFi

• Suitable for fixed, local environments (e.g., homes, offices).

• Common in consumer IoT like thermostats or cameras.

Bluetooth & BLE

• Great for short-range communication, like wearables or accessories.

• BLE offers extended range and lower power for confined environments.

RFID

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a key technology in the Internet of Things (IoT), enabling automatic identification and tracking of objects using radio waves. It consists of RFID tags, which store data, and RFID readers, which capture that data without direct contact. In IoT, RFID is widely used in supply chain management, smart inventory systems, healthcare, and asset tracking. By providing real-time visibility, RFID improves efficiency, reduces human error, and enhances decision-making. Its ability to integrate with IoT platforms allows seamless data collection, supporting smarter, more connected environments.

NFC

Near Field Communication (NFC) is a short-range wireless communication technology that plays an important role in IoT by enabling secure, contactless data exchange between devices. Operating within a few centimeters, NFC is commonly used in mobile payments, smart access control, ticketing, and authentication systems. In IoT, it enhances user convenience by simplifying device pairing, data sharing, and identity verification. Its low power consumption and high security make it suitable for applications where quick, reliable interactions are required. NFC’s integration into smartphones and wearables further drives its adoption in connected ecosystems.

3. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN)

• Useful for low-data, long-range applications like environmental sensors.

• Considerations include network availability and whether you need private or shared infrastructure.

LTE-M

LTE-M (Long Term Evolution for Machines) is a cellular IoT technology designed to provide low-power, wide-area connectivity while operating on existing 4G LTE networks. It supports higher data rates than NB-IoT, making it suitable for applications like asset tracking, wearables, healthcare monitoring, and smart city solutions. LTE-M offers extended coverage, mobility support, and reduced device complexity while maintaining low energy consumption for long battery life. Its ability to handle voice and data communication ensures flexibility across diverse IoT use cases, making LTE-M an efficient and scalable option for massive IoT deployments.

NB-IoT

Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) is a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology designed for simple, low-data-rate IoT applications. Operating within licensed spectrum, it provides excellent coverage, even in hard-to-reach areas like basements or rural regions. NB-IoT supports long battery life, low device cost, and high connection density, making it ideal for smart metering, environmental monitoring, agriculture, and industrial sensors. Unlike LTE-M, NB-IoT does not support mobility or voice but excels in stationary use cases that require small, infrequent data transmissions. Its scalability and efficiency make it a strong foundation for large-scale IoT deployments.

4. Other legacy technologies

Beyond cellular options, IoT connectivity also relies on technologies like Zigbee, LoRaWAN, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Low Energy, and satellite networks. These solutions balance range, power consumption, and data needs, enabling diverse use cases, from smart homes and healthcare to agriculture and logistics—where traditional networks may not be optimal.

Satellite

Satellite connectivity provides IoT devices with communication capabilities in remote or hard-to-reach areas where terrestrial networks like cellular or Wi-Fi are unavailable. It enables global coverage for applications such as maritime tracking, environmental monitoring, agriculture, and disaster management. While latency can be higher and power requirements greater than terrestrial networks, satellite IoT ensures reliable data transmission over vast distances. Recent advancements in low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations have reduced latency and costs, making satellite communication a viable option for critical and large-scale IoT deployments that demand consistent connectivity beyond traditional infrastructure.

Ethernet

Ethernet is a wired networking technology that provides reliable, high-speed connectivity for IoT devices, particularly in industrial and commercial environments. It supports consistent data transfer, low latency, and robust security, making it ideal for applications such as smart factories, building automation, and energy management. Unlike wireless solutions, Ethernet is less prone to interference and provides stable performance for devices requiring continuous communication. Its ability to integrate with existing network infrastructure allows seamless deployment of IoT systems. While limited by physical cabling, Ethernet remains a key choice for scenarios demanding high reliability and predictable network performance.

LoRaWAN

LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) is a low-power, wide-area network protocol designed for IoT applications requiring long-range communication and minimal energy consumption. It can be a good fit for smart cities, agriculture, environmental monitoring, and asset tracking, where devices transmit small amounts of data infrequently. LoRaWAN operates in unlicensed frequency bands, supporting thousands of devices in a single network with secure, bidirectional communication. Its long-range capabilities - up to several kilometers in urban areas and tens of kilometers in rural settings - combined with extended battery life, make LoRaWAN a scalable and cost-effective solution for large-scale IoT deployments.

5. Legacy technologies 

Still used in niche or legacy deployments but declining in popularity.

Zigbee

Zigbee is a low-power, short-range wireless communication protocol widely used in IoT for device-to-device connectivity. It enables mesh networking, allowing devices to relay data through each other, extending coverage and reliability. Zigbee is commonly employed in smart homes, lighting control, industrial automation, and healthcare monitoring due to its energy efficiency, low cost, and ease of deployment. It supports secure communication and can connect hundreds of devices in a single network. While its data rates are lower than Wi-Fi or cellular networks, Zigbee’s robustness and scalability make it ideal for dense, low-power IoT ecosystems.

Proprietary mesh

Proprietary mesh networks are custom-designed IoT connectivity solutions that use a mesh topology, where devices communicate directly or via neighboring nodes to extend network coverage. These networks are often optimized for specific applications, offering tailored performance, security, and power efficiency. They are widely used in smart lighting, industrial automation, building management, and sensor networks, where reliability and flexibility are crucial. Proprietary mesh protocols can overcome limitations of standard technologies by supporting long-range communication, high device density, or specialized data handling. Their adaptability makes them ideal for large-scale, mission-critical IoT deployments requiring consistent connectivity and resilience.

Choosing the right connectivity for IoT

The ultimate goal is simple: connect your devices reliably and cost-effectively to ensure your application delivers value to your business and your customers.
• Data rate & volume
• Power usage
• Range & location of devices
• Geographic coverage
• Cost (upfront and operational)
• Ease of setup & management

The ultimate goal is simple: connect your devices reliably and cost-effectively so your application delivers value to your business and your customers.

How can IoT help your business?

Implementing IoT connectivity can transform business operations across many industries. With the right approach, IoT enables:

• Cost savings through automation, energy efficiency, and predictive maintenance.

• Improved productivity by streamlining operations using real-time data.

• Remote monitoring and control of assets, leading to faster response times.

• Enhanced customer experience through personalized and connected services.

• Supply chain optimization with accurate, real-time visibility.

• Predictive maintenance that reduces downtime and extends equipment lifespan.

• New revenue streams via data-driven services or usage-based models.

• Sustainability gains by minimizing waste and energy consumption.

• By simplifying your connectivity chains, you can reduce your workload

How can different sectors use IoT connectivity?

IoT connectivity transforms industries by enabling real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and automation. By linking devices and systems, it improves efficiency, reduces costs, and enhances decision-making. Sectors ranging from industrial manufacturing to healthcare and smart cities leverage IoT to optimize operations and deliver better outcomes. For practical examples of IoT impact, explore Pelion’s Customer Stories.

Industrial & Manufacturing

IoT connectivity in industrial IoT and manufacturing settings enables real-time monitoring of machinery, production lines, and supply chains. Sensors collect operational data, which can be analyzed for predictive maintenance, minimizing downtime and extending equipment life. Automated alerts enhance safety, while data-driven insights optimize workflow efficiency. Manufacturers can reduce waste, control energy consumption, and improve product quality. By connecting facilities and processes, IoT ensures consistent production standards, enables smart inventory management, and supports scalable operations. Explore Pelion Industrial & Manufacturing solutions for practical use cases.

Transport

IoT connectivity revolutionizes transport by tracking vehicles, monitoring driver behavior, and optimizing routes. Real-time location data enhances fleet management, reduces fuel consumption, and improves delivery efficiency. Predictive maintenance alerts prevent costly breakdowns, while sensors monitor environmental conditions to protect sensitive cargo. Connectivity also supports traffic management systems, safety monitoring, and integration with smart city infrastructure. Transport operators gain better visibility over operations, reduce emissions, and enhance customer satisfaction.

Agriculture

IoT in agriculture enables precision farming through soil monitoring, weather tracking, and automated irrigation systems. Sensors measure soil moisture, crop health, and livestock conditions, allowing farmers to make informed decisions and optimize yields. Predictive analytics help plan planting and harvesting schedules, reducing resource waste. IoT solutions enhance traceability, ensuring food safety and quality. By integrating devices across fields and livestock environments, farmers improve sustainability, productivity, and profitability.

Smart Cities

IoT connectivity powers smart cities by enabling intelligent traffic systems, energy-efficient lighting, and waste management. Sensors collect data from public spaces, transport networks, and utilities to optimize city operations and enhance citizens’ quality of life. Real-time monitoring improves safety, reduces congestion, and supports sustainable urban development. IoT also facilitates smart parking, air quality tracking, and emergency response systems. Cities benefit from cost savings, operational efficiency, and environmental improvements through connected devices.

Energy & Utilities

IoT connectivity in energy and utilities supports smart grids, remote monitoring, and predictive maintenance of equipment. Sensors measure energy consumption, detect anomalies, and optimize distribution networks, reducing downtime and operational costs. IoT enables demand management, renewable energy integration, and improved safety. Utilities gain real-time visibility into assets, enhancing service reliability and efficiency. Data-driven insights also support sustainability initiatives by monitoring environmental impact and reducing waste.

Healthcare

IoT connectivity enhances healthcare by enabling remote patient monitoring, real-time diagnostics, and asset tracking. Wearable devices and smart sensors collect vital data, alerting healthcare professionals to emergencies and supporting proactive care. Hospitals can track equipment, optimize workflows, and reduce operational inefficiencies. IoT also improves medication adherence and telehealth services, expanding access to care. By connecting patients, devices, and medical staff, healthcare providers enhance outcomes, safety, and overall patient experience.

Point of Sale & Retail

IoT connectivity transforms point-of-sale and retail systems by enabling inventory tracking, personalized customer experiences, and operational automation. Sensors monitor stock levels, reducing out-of-stock situations and waste. Smart POS systems collect sales data to inform marketing strategies and dynamic pricing. Connected devices enhance security, streamline checkout processes, and enable real-time customer engagement. Retailers benefit from increased efficiency, cost savings, and improved customer satisfaction.

EV Charging

IoT connectivity optimizes electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure by monitoring station status, energy usage, and maintenance needs. Real-time data supports load balancing, efficient energy distribution, and predictive maintenance, reducing downtime. IoT-enabled networks allow remote management of charging stations, provide user notifications, and integrate with payment systems. This connectivity improves reliability, customer experience, and operational efficiency while supporting sustainable energy usage.

Why choose cellular IoT connectivity?

While many technologies suit IoT, cellular connectivity stands out for its versatility and reliability in commercial and industrial applications. Here’s why:

• Global coverage – Operates anywhere with mobile networks, even across borders.

• Mobility – Devices stay connected in transit (ideal for logistics, tracking, etc.).

• Scalability – Handles large volumes of connected devices with ease.

• Security – Encrypted communication and robust SIM authentication.

• Low-power options – NB-IoT and LTE-M deliver battery life of 10+ years.

• Flexibility – Use eUICC/eSIM to switch networks without site visits.

• Managed service – Connectivity, SIMs, and networks handled by experts like Pelion.

• High-speed, low latency – Supports demanding use cases like CCTV and passenger WiFi.

The right connectivity technology depends on your goals and environment. Cellular IoT is a robust, scalable, and secure option for many use cases, especially when wide coverage, reliability, and low power usage are essential.

The right connectivity technology depends on your goals and environment. Cellular IoT is a robust, scalable, and secure option for many use cases, especially when wide coverage, reliability, and low power usage are essential. Check out how Pelion transformed Sensize’s global supply chain with cellular IoT here. 

Which type of IoT Connectivity is right for my business?

Choosing the right type of IoT connectivity is crucial for the success of any IoT deployment. Different technologies offer varying trade-offs in terms of range, bandwidth, power consumption, latency, and cost. For example, short-range options like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or Zigbee are ideal for localized environments, while LPWAN solutions like NB-IoT or LoRaWAN support long-range, low-power applications. Cellular networks, including 4G, 5G, and LTE-M, provide wide-area coverage and mobility, suitable for connected vehicles or remote monitoring. Selecting the appropriate connectivity ensures reliable data transmission, operational efficiency, and scalability while minimizing costs and energy usage. Understanding your business’s requirements, such as device density, data volume, mobility needs, and security priorities, is essential for implementing a resilient and future-proof IoT solution.

Why choose Pelion for IoT connectivity?

When it comes to IoT connectivity, we’re the experts. Don’t just take our word for it, check out our customer stories to see how Pelion can enhance your business.