IoT Hardware Selection

A Comprehensive Guide for Pelion Solutions

Choosing the right hardware plays a key role in the success of an IoT Application project.

The hardware selection process should take the specific use case, reliability, ease of use, security, and manageability into consideration. Pelion offers a versatile and scalable IoT connectivity platform that has been designed to cater to a wide range of deployments.

Let’s explore different IoT deployment scenarios and their corresponding hardware requirements.

Understanding IoT Device Deployment Diversity

IoT solutions span across a wide spectrum of applications, each with unique priorities and challenges. There is no one-size-fits-all solution in the world of IoT. Depending on the use case, the hardware selection can vary significantly.

Locations, installation environment, transportability, and more affect how hardware choices are made.

Let’s examine some of the factors to consider in some common IoT deployment scenarios.

A few basic questions to ask are:

• Who will be interacting with the solution and with the device (at installation, during deployment and roll out, as a user and for maintenance)?

• Where will the device be located? Does the location change?

• Are there environmental factors to take into consideration such as water, ingress, heat or sun exposure?

• How secure does the device need to be to avoid tampering?

1. Consumer User-Driven Journey

In this scenario, the focus is on user interface and user-driven devices, which are often portable and can include repurposed consumer devices such as tablets or smartphones. This would be the case for applications that are facing consumers such as in-building access control systems, room occupancy monitoring, connected lighting and others where consumers are engaging with the solution.

The hardware selection here should emphasize ease of use, affordability, durability and versatility.

2. Rugged Remote Monitoring Journey

For rugged remote monitoring applications, dedicated devices are typically used. These devices must withstand harsh environmental conditions and sometimes have to have required specifications ratings around Water and Ingress Protection (IP), electrical and fire safety regulations, heat resistance and other such. Many should still be able to operate reliably in remote locations. This scenario often involves replacing older equipment with more modern integrated devices or industrial cellular routers. Examples include new remote industrial metering installations, EV Charge Stations, petrol pump dispensing and monitoring solutions, food and drink vending machines and other devices that have environmental protection requirements.

Here, we’d recommend a specialised made-for-purpose device to ensure the correct protection ratings and specifications are met in conjunction with product reliability and remote access capabilities.

3. Connected Transport

Vehicles are increasingly connected to operate, report and provide services. Connected transport solutions offer a range of benefits and services, from giving access to ticketing through Electronic Point of Sale (ePOS), adding security capabilities from CCTV and giving customers “Wi-Fi-on board” services there is a great variety of connected environments in Connected Transport.

These solutions often require specialised hardware with multiple SIMs and/or providers to ensure reliability and continuous connectivity.

In cases 2. and 3. we always recommend our customers consider working with specialised connected product manufacturers who have expertise in the type of solution required.

Key Considerations for IoT Hardware Selection

Regardless of the deployment scenario, certain considerations remain critical in IoT hardware selection. Let’s delve into the key considerations:

1. Device Security

We have a Murphy’s Law of sorts in IoT: if it can be hacked it will be hacked. Just because it’s possible.

Connected devices are invariably targets for unauthorized access or malicious attacks. Security is therefore of utmost importance in IoT deployments. When choosing hardware. Enterprises must ensure robust device security. This is crucial to safeguard data and maintain the integrity of the IoT ecosystem.

Hardware Security Considerations

Hardware-Based Security Features: Look for hardware components that offer built-in security features, such as Trusted Platform Modules (TPMs) or Secure Elements. These features provide a secure foundation for key storage, encryption, and authentication.

Secure Boot: Ensure that the hardware supports secure boot mechanisms, which verifies the integrity and authenticity of the device’s firmware during the boot process.

Encrypted Communication: Select hardware that can perform secure and encrypted communication, protecting data transmission from potential eavesdropping or tampering.

2. Cellular Connection Types for Connectivity and Power Efficiency

Connectivity plays a vital role in IoT deployments, and cellular communication is often the go-to-choice because of its wide coverage and reliable data transmission. Power efficiency is also essential, especially in remote or battery-powered IoT devices.

Cellular Connectivity and Power Efficiency Considerations:

Cellular Modems: Choose hardware with efficient cellular modems that support the latest communication technologies like 4G LTE or 5G. These modems can optimize data transmission while conserving power.

Low-Power Modes: Look for hardware components that offer low-power modes to minimize energy consumption during idle or standby periods, extending the battery life of remote or battery-operated devices.

Network Registration: Consider devices that support efficient network registration mechanisms to reduce unnecessary power consumption during reconnections.

3. Scalability and Manageability

As IoT deployments expand, managing a large fleet of devices becomes challenging. Ensuring that the hardware can scale and is easily manageable is vital for successful deployments.

Scalability and Manageability Considerations:

Over-the-Air (OTA) Updates: Select hardware that supports OTA firmware updates. OTA updates enable remote and seamless device firmware upgrades, enhancing security and feature enhancements without requiring physical access to devices.

Configuration Management: Hardware that allows easy configuration management remotely ensures efficient deployment and maintenance of devices throughout their lifecycle.

Device Network Retention: Devices should have mechanisms to retain network connectivity even in cases of temporary signal loss or disruptions, ensuring continuous data transmission and reducing downtime.

4. Data Processing Capabilities

Some IoT deployments require data processing at the edge to reduce latency or address bandwidth limitations. The hardware should have the necessary processing power and memory to execute edge computing tasks effectively.

5. Choose the Right Cellular Technology for IoT Deployments

When it comes to choosing the appropriate cellular technology for IoT deployments, two popular options stand out: LTE Cat-M (also known as Cat-M) and Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT). Both technologies are designed to support low-power, wide-area (LPWA) communication for IoT devices, but they have distinct characteristics that make them suitable for specific use cases. In this section, we will explore the differences between Cat-M and NB-IoT and discuss the factors to consider when choosing either technology.

LTE Cat-M (Cat-M)

Cat-M is a variation of the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) standard specifically optimized for IoT applications. It offers a balance between data rate, power consumption, and coverage, making it suitable for a wide range of IoT deployments.

Key Features of Cat-M:

Data Rate: Cat-M supports higher data rates compared to NB-IoT, allowing for faster data transmission. Typical data rates range from 200 kbps to 1 Mbps, making it suitable for applications that require moderate data throughput.

Power Efficiency: While Cat-M is more power-efficient than traditional LTE, it consumes more power than NB-IoT. However, its power

consumption is still lower than other cellular technologies, making it viable for battery-powered IoT devices.

Coverage: Cat-M offers better coverage than traditional LTE, with similar coverage characteristics to NB-IoT. It provides good indoor penetration and coverage in areas with weak signals.

Latency: Cat-M has lower latency compared to NB-IoT, making it suitable for applications that require more real-time responsiveness.

Use Cases for Cat-M:

Cat-M is well-suited for applications that require higher data rates, moderate power efficiency, and better coverage. Some typical use cases include:

Asset Tracking: Tracking high-value assets that require periodic location updates and other data transmission.

Smart Metering: Collecting meter data from utilities, such as water, gas, and electricity meters.

Industrial Monitoring: Monitoring equipment and machinery in industrial settings, where low-latency communication is essential for critical process control.

NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT)

NB-IoT is another LPWA cellular technology specifically designed for low-power, wide-area IoT deployments. It operates in a narrow bandwidth, providing excellent coverage and power efficiency for IoT devices.

Key Features of NB-IoT:

Data Rate: NB-IoT offers lower data rates compared to Cat-M, typically ranging from 100 bps to 250 kbps. It is suitable for applications that transmit small amounts of data infrequently.

Power Efficiency: NB-IoT excels in power efficiency, allowing devices to operate for extended periods on a single battery charge. It is ideal for long-term, battery-powered applications.

Coverage: NB-IoT provides excellent coverage, especially in challenging environments or deep indoor locations where other cellular technologies may struggle to connect.

Latency: NB-IoT has higher latency compared to Cat-M, which may not be suitable for applications that require real-time responsiveness.

Use Cases for NB-IoT:

NB-IoT is well-suited for applications that prioritize power efficiency, extended battery life, and wide coverage. Some typical use cases include:

Smart Agriculture: Soil moisture monitoring, weather stations, and crop monitoring in remote agricultural areas.

Smart Cities: Smart parking systems, waste management, and environmental monitoring in urban areas.

Asset Monitoring: Tracking low-power assets that require periodic location updates and minimal data transmission.

Choosing between Cat-M and NB-IoT

The decision to choose between Cat-M and NB-IoT depends on the specific requirements of the IoT deployment. Consider the following factors when making a choice:

Data Throughput: If your application requires higher data rates and more real-time responsiveness, Cat-M may be the better choice.

Power Efficiency: For battery-powered devices with a focus on extended battery life, NB-IoT is a preferable option due to its superior power efficiency.

Coverage: If your deployment is in challenging environments or requires deep indoor coverage, NB-IoT’s excellent coverage capabilities may be more suitable.

Latency: For applications that demand low latency and real-time data communication, Cat-M’s lower latency makes it the preferred choice.

Existing Infrastructure: Consider the availability of the cellular infrastructure in your deployment area. Some regions may have better coverage for Cat-M or NB-IoT, influencing your decision.

Cost: The cost of the hardware and connectivity may also be a deciding factor. Consider the pricing models and availability of hardware for both technologies.

In conclusion, both Cat-M and NB-IoT offer distinct advantages for IoT deployments, and the choice between them depends on the specific requirements of your application. By understanding the key features and use cases for each technology, you can make an informed decision that aligns with your IoT project’s needs and ensures optimal performance and efficiency.

High Data

Standalone routers are devices that provide wireless connectivity to IoT devices using cellular networks. They are often used for high-capacity fixed-line deployments, where they can replace or complement traditional wired connections and provide more flexibility and scalability. For example, standalone routers can be used to connect remote sites, such as rural areas or temporary locations, where laying cables may be impractical or costly. They can also be used to provide backup or redundancy for wired connections in case of failures or disruptions.

Standalone routers can support different cellular technologies, such as 4G and 5G, depending on the hardware specifications and the availability of network coverage. 4G routers are widely available and compatible with most existing cellular networks around the world. They offer high-speed data transmission and low latency, making them suitable for applications that require real-time communication and streaming. However, 4G routers may also have some limitations, such as higher power consumption, lower device density, and limited spectrum efficiency.

5G routers are a newer and more advanced technology that aims to overcome the drawbacks of 4G and provide faster, more reliable, and more efficient wireless connectivity. 5G routers can support higher data rates, lower latency, higher device density, and better spectrum utilization, enabling new applications and use cases for IoT, such as autonomous vehicles, smart cities, and augmented reality. However, 5G routers are also more expensive and less widely available than 4G routers, as 5G networks are still in the process of deployment and standardization in many regions.

Therefore, when choosing between 4G and 5G routers for your IoT application, you need to consider the trade-offs between speed and cost of hardware, as well as the availability and compatibility of network coverage. If your application requires high performance and can afford higher hardware costs, 5G routers may be a better option. However, if your application is more cost-sensitive and can work with existing network infrastructure, 4G routers may be sufficient. Alternatively, you can also opt for hybrid routers that can support both 4G and 5G technologies and switch between them depending on the network conditions and your application needs.